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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Genome as a multipurpose structure built by evolution.

Michel Morange

    Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
    |October 28, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Genomes evolved progressively, with new functions like microRNA regulation added over time. Understanding genome evolutionary history is key to deciphering their complex structures and roles.

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • The ENCODE program's 2012 findings sparked debate on "junk DNA" function.
    • Reconciling functional and evolutionary genomic perspectives presents challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a framework for understanding genome complexity.
    • To argue that genomes are products of progressive evolutionary construction.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of genome evolution.
    • Review of functional genomic elements (RNA, proteins, microRNA, epigenetic marks).

    Main Results:

    • Extant genomes result from successive addition of functions beyond basic RNA/protein synthesis.
    • Genome complexification is an outcome of evolutionary history.

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  • Evolutionary pathways differ across genomes.

    • Conclusions:

    • A progressive evolutionary model explains current genome structures.
    • Integrating evolutionary history is crucial for understanding genome function.
    • Further research into genome evolutionary history will illuminate genomic structures and functions.