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Imaging neuroinflammation? A perspective from MR spectroscopy.

Natalie M Zahr1, Dirk Mayer, Torsten Rohlfing

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine (MC5723), Stanford, CA; Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.

Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)
|October 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) reveals that elevated choline (Cho) and myo-inositol (mI) in individuals with HIV and alcohol dependence are influenced by various factors, not solely neuroinflammation.

Keywords:
cholinein vivomagnetic resonance spectroscopymyo-inositol

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Neuroinflammation is a key factor in HIV-associated brain pathology.
  • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a promising tool for detecting in vivo markers of neuroinflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether specific metabolites change in a pattern indicative of neuroinflammation in individuals with HIV, alcohol dependence, or both.
  • To explore the relationship between metabolite levels and clinical factors such as disease status, medication, and alcohol consumption.

Main Methods:

  • A magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study was conducted on four groups: alcohol-dependent, HIV-infected, co-infected alcohol-dependent and HIV-infected, and healthy controls.
  • Statistical analyses identified significant differences in striatal choline-containing compounds (Cho) and myo-inositol (mI) levels between groups.
  • Correlations were examined between metabolite levels and blood markers, medication status, and alcohol consumption in HIV-infected individuals.

Main Results:

  • Higher levels of striatal Cho and mI were observed in the co-infected group compared to controls.
  • Elevated Cho levels were associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining events and hepatitis C, while lower Cho was linked to low thiamine and highly active antiretroviral HIV treatment (HAART).
  • Higher mI levels correlated with lifetime alcohol consumption, and HAART was associated with lower mI levels.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated Cho and mI levels in the studied groups are influenced by multiple interacting factors, including HIV status, alcohol consumption, disease progression, and treatment.
  • These findings suggest that increased Cho and mI cannot be solely attributed to neuroinflammation and highlight the complexity of brain changes in HIV and alcohol-dependent individuals.