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Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease
Emma H Adlercreutz1, Carl Johan Wingren, Raquel P Vincente
1Department of Paediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Unit for Diabetes and Celiac Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
Insights
Perinatal factors significantly influence the risk of a double diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Early life events are crucial for understanding the development of coeliac disease in children with type 1 diabetes.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Endocrinology
- Gastroenterology
Background:
- Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease are autoimmune conditions often occurring together.
- Understanding shared risk factors is crucial for early diagnosis and management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the influence of perinatal factors on the risk of a double diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.
- To identify specific perinatal risk factors associated with comorbid type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.
Main Methods:
- Utilized multinomial logistic regression models.
- Analyzed data from Swedish-born singleton children.
- Examined associations between perinatal factors (gender, delivery mode, birth season) and disease risk.
Main Results:
- 0.02% of children had both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.
- Children with both conditions were more likely to be female, born via Caesarean section, have native-born mothers, and be born in summer.
- The absolute risk of coeliac disease increased to 4.2% in children with type 1 diabetes.
Conclusions:
- Perinatal risk factors modulate the risk of a double diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.
- Early life events play a significant role in the co-occurrence of these autoimmune diseases.
- Identified specific perinatal factors that may inform targeted screening and prevention strategies.
Aim:
This study investigated whether perinatal factors influenced the risk of a double diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.
Methods:
We used multinomial logistic regression models to study the associations between perinatal factors, gender, mode of delivery, season of birth and the risk of type 1 diabetes, coeliac disease or both, in Swedish-born singleton children.
Results:
We found that 4327 of the 768 395 children (0.6%) had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, 3817 (0.5%) had been diagnosed with coeliac disease and 191 (0.02%) were affected by both diseases. If the children already had type 1 diabetes (n = 4518), the absolute risk of being affected by coeliac disease increased to 4.2% (n = 191). Children with both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease were more likely to be female (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.01-1.97), delivered by Caesarean section (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.07-2.39), have native-born Swedish mothers (OR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.96-11.97) or be born during the summer months (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.07-1.92).
Conclusion:
The increased risk of being affected by a double diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease was modulated by perinatal risk factors. This suggests that early life events are important when it comes to children with type 1 diabetes also developing coeliac disease.
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