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Related Concept Videos

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids

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Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
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Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

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Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b),...
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Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

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Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
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Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations01:18

β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations

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Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
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Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies
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Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies

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Carbonyl compounds generated from electronic cigarettes.

Kanae Bekki1, Shigehisa Uchiyama2, Kazushi Ohta3

  • 1Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan. bekki.kanae@niph.go.jp.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|October 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) generate hazardous carbonyl compounds like formaldehyde from e-liquid oxidation. Concentrations vary, posing potential health risks that warrant user and regulator awareness.

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Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • E-cigarettes are marketed as safer alternatives to tobacco cigarettes.
  • Concerns exist regarding the chemical composition of e-cigarette aerosols.
  • Regulation requires robust scientific data on e-cigarette emissions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hazardous chemical compound generation in e-cigarettes.
  • To identify key compounds and their formation mechanisms.
  • To inform public health strategies and risk management.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) in e-cigarette aerosols.
  • Investigation of e-liquid composition (glycerol, glycols) and battery voltage effects.
  • Identification of nichrome wire as a source of oxidation.

Main Results:

  • Hazardous carbonyl compounds are generated from e-liquid oxidation when heated.
  • Compound types and concentrations depend on e-liquid and battery voltage.
  • Extremely high concentrations of these compounds can occur, posing health risks.

Conclusions:

  • E-cigarettes can produce toxic carbonyl compounds, challenging safety claims.
  • Awareness of these risks is crucial for suppliers, regulators, and users.
  • Further research and monitoring are needed for effective public health protection.