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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
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Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles
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Direct and remote constriction of membrane necks.

Bojan Božič1, Jemal Guven2, Pablo Vázquez-Montejo3

  • 1Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

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External forces can constrict membrane necks for vesicle formation, even through remote dilation. This finding offers new insights into cellular processes like endocytosis and actin polymerization.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Membrane necks are crucial for vesiculation, a key cellular process.
  • Neck constriction is necessary for membrane scission and vesicle pinching off.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how external forces influence membrane neck constriction in lipid vesicles.
  • To explore the role of remote dilation in promoting neck narrowing.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of a simple single-phase lipid vesicle model.
  • Analysis of the effects of external forces, including compression and dilation.

Main Results:

  • External forces can promote membrane neck constriction.
  • Counterintuitively, dilation at remote locations can also aid neck narrowing.
  • Demonstrated a new mechanism for force-mediated membrane remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • External forces play a significant role in regulating membrane neck geometry.
  • Findings provide a novel perspective on the mechanics of endocytosis.
  • Suggests a potential link between physical forces and actin polymerization in cellular processes.