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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Recollection is a continuous process: Evidence from plurality memory receiver operating characteristics.

Scott D Slotnick1, Brittany M Jeye1, Chad S Dodson2

  • 1a Department of Psychology , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , MA , USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|October 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Recollection is a continuous memory process, not an all-or-none one. This finding, based on plurality memory tests, supports receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis in understanding memory recall.

Keywords:
Dual-processPluralReceiver operating characteristicRelational memorySignal detection

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The nature of recollection, whether continuous or all-or-none, remains debated.
  • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis offers a method to distinguish between these models.
  • Memory for plurality is theorized to depend on recollection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of recollection using memory for plurality.
  • To determine if plurality memory follows a continuous or threshold model.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted involving encoding and retrieval phases.
  • Participants encoded words or objects presented in singular/plural forms.
  • Confidence ratings were used to construct plurality memory receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Main Results:

  • Plurality memory ROCs were consistently fit by the continuous unequal variance model.
  • The two-high threshold model failed to adequately fit any of the plurality memory ROCs.
  • Results indicate that memory for plurality is a continuous process.

Conclusions:

  • Recollection is best characterized as a continuous, graded process.
  • These findings align with previous ROC-based research on source and associative memory.
  • ROC analysis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of human memory.