Conformational changes in the adenovirus hexon subunit responsible for regulating cytoplasmic dynein recruitment

Virus capsids provide genome protection from environmental challenges but are also poised to execute a program of compositional and conformational changes to facilitate virion entry and infection. The most abundant adenovirus serotype 5 (AdV5) capsid protein, hexon, directly recruits the motor protein cytoplasmic dynein following virion entry. Dynein recruitment is crucial for capsid transport to the nucleus and requires the transient exposure of AdV5 hexon to low pH, presumably mimicking passage through the endosomal compartment. These results suggest a pH-dependent capsid modification during early infection. The changes to hexon structure controlling this behavior have not been explored. We report that hexon remains trimeric at low pH but undergoes more subtle conformational changes. These changes are indicated by increased sensitivities to SDS-mediated dissociation and dispase proteolysis. Both effects are reversed at neutral pH, as is dynein binding by low-pH-treated hexon. Dispase cleavage, which we find maps to a specific site within hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of AdV5 hexon, has no apparent effect on virion entry but completely inhibits its transport to the nucleus. In addition, an AdV5 mutant containing HVR1 of AdV48 is unable to bind dynein and is strongly inhibited in the postentry transport step. These results reveal that conformational changes involving hexon HVR1 are the basis for a novel viral mechanism controlling capsid transport to the nucleus.

The adenovirus serotype 5 (AdV5) capsid protein hexon recruits the molecular motor protein cytoplasmic dynein in a pH-dependent manner, a function critical for efficient transport toward the nucleus and AdV5 infectivity. In this work, we describe how low-pH exposure induces reversible structural changes in AdV5 hexon and how these changes affect dynein binding. In addition, we identified a pH-sensitive dispase cleavage site in hexon HVR1, which depends on the same structural changes and furthermore regulates dynein recruitment and capsid redistribution in infected cells. These data provide the first evidence relating long-known but subtle pH-dependent structural changes in hexon to a more recently established essential but poorly understood role in virus transport. These results have broad implications for understanding virus infectivity in general, and our ability to block the recruitment mechanism has potential therapeutic implications as well.