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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

5.6K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Early-time diffusion in pulse propagation through dilute random media.

Elizabeth Bleszynski, Marek Bleszynski, Thomas Jaroszewicz

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    |November 1, 2014
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    Short infrared/optical pulses in dilute random media exhibit an early-time component due to small-angle scattering. This component, distinct from ballistic and diffusive parts, can be isolated using high-pass filtering.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Atmospheric Physics
    • Wave Propagation

    Background:

    • Understanding light propagation in scattering media like fog and clouds is crucial for remote sensing and optical communication.
    • Previous models often simplified scattering effects, limiting accuracy for complex media with large particles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To rigorously analyze the propagation of short infrared/optical pulses through dilute random media with large scatterers.
    • To identify and characterize a previously underappreciated early-time component of the pulse intensity.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed analytic complex-contour integration of radiative transport equation solutions in Fourier space.
    • Numerically determined cut and pole singularities of the solution.
    • Analyzed pulse intensity considering coherent, diffusive, and early-time components.

    Main Results:

    • Identified a sharply rising early-time component in pulse intensity, beyond ballistic and diffusive contributions.
    • Attributed this component to the small-angle diffractive scattering from particles.
    • Demonstrated that this component attenuates with the nondiffractive cross-section, not the total one.

    Conclusions:

    • The early-time pulse component provides new insights into scattering dynamics in random media.
    • High-pass filtering can effectively extract this diffractive component from the received pulse.
    • This finding has implications for improving signal detection and characterization in atmospheric optics.