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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Thyroid eye disease: a Southeast Asian experience.

Nigel C S Lim1, Gangadhara Sundar2, Shantha Amrith2

  • 1Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.

The British Journal of Ophthalmology
|November 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study on thyroid eye disease (TED) in Singapore found corneal erosion common in East Asians. Malay patients showed higher exophthalmometry readings compared to other ethnicities.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition affecting the orbit.
  • Understanding TED demographics and clinical features is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the demographics, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, and treatment of thyroid eye disease in Singapore.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series analysis of 174 patients with TED.
  • Data collected from a multidisciplinary Thyroid Eye Clinic between November 2002 and October 2012.

Main Results:

  • The majority of patients were ethnically Chinese (80.5%), with a mean age of 40.2 years.
  • Common ophthalmic signs included eyelid retraction (62.1%), proptosis (61.0%), and lid lag (57.5%).
  • Corneal erosions occurred in 29.3% of patients, and 4.6% had dysthyroid optic neuropathy.

Conclusions:

  • Acquired epiblepharon leading to corneal erosion is frequent in East Asian TED patients.
  • East Asian patients exhibit lower exophthalmometry and eyelid retraction compared to Caucasians.
  • Malay patients in Singapore presented with the highest exophthalmometry readings.