The problematic first-trimester pregnancy

The first-trimester obstetric patient who is experiencing pain or bleeding may have a normal intrauterine pregnancy, a threatened miscarriage, an ectopic pregnancy, a blighted ovum or trophoblastic disease. Correlation of clinical findings, quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin levels and diagnostic ultrasound findings can maximize the efficiency of the work-up, provide a definitive prognosis and identify early ectopic pregnancy.