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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Thyroid cancer & sarcoidosis.

Ahmet Bahadir Ergin¹, Christian E Nasr

¹Cleveland Clinic Foundation. bahadirergin@gmail.com.

Sarcoidosis, Vasculitis, and Diffuse Lung Diseases : Official Journal of WASOG

|November 4, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid cancer and sarcoidosis (SA) can coexist, presenting diagnostic challenges. Awareness of this association is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of neck masses in patients with SA.

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Immunology

Background:

The association between thyroid cancer and sarcoidosis (SA) is infrequently reported.
Individual case reports suggest a potential link, necessitating further investigation.

Observation:

This study details four patients with co-existing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and SA.
Patients presented with varied clinical scenarios including thyroid nodules, cervical adenopathies, and systemic symptoms.
Diagnostic modalities like fine needle aspiration (FNA) and positron-emitting tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were utilized.

Findings:

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) was diagnosed in all four patients.
Non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation (NNGI), characteristic of SA, was found in lymph nodes and/or thyroid tissue.
Elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels and diffuse lymphadenopathies were noted in one patient.

Implications:

Clinicians must consider the co-existence of SA and PTC in the differential diagnosis of thyroid masses and neck lymphadenopathies.
Thorough workup is essential for patients with known SA presenting with cervical adenopathies or thyroid nodules.
While causality remains uncertain, recognizing this association aids in preventing mismanagement.