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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Overview01:31

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There are various methods for the preparation of carboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes using strong oxidizing agents results in a carboxylic acid. Aldehydes can also be oxidized in the presence of mild oxidizing agents.
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Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage02:01

Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids: Oxidative Cleavage

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Alkynes undergo oxidative cleavage in the presence of oxidizing reagents like potassium permanganate and ozone. The triple bond — one σ bond and two π bonds — is completely cleaved, and the alkyne is oxidized to carboxylic acids. When warm and basic aqueous potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent, alkynes are first converted to carboxylate salts via an unstable α-diketone intermediate. Further, a mild acid treatment protonates the carboxylate anions...
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Production of Organic Acids

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Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

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Formic-acid-induced depolymerization of oxidized lignin to aromatics.

Alireza Rahimi1, Arne Ulbrich1, Joshua J Coon2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Nature
|November 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to break down lignin, a plant-based aromatic polymer, yielding over 60% valuable low-molecular-mass aromatics. This efficient lignin depolymerization offers a promising route for biorefineries and sustainable chemical production.

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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Area of Science:

  • Biomass Conversion
  • Renewable Chemicals
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Lignin, a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, is a renewable source of aromatic chemicals.
  • Current lignin valorization strategies are limited by its complex structure and low yields from depolymerization.
  • Efficient lignin conversion is crucial for the economic viability of biorefineries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient method for lignin depolymerization.
  • To generate high yields of low-molecular-mass aromatic compounds from lignin.
  • To explore the mechanistic insights of the novel depolymerization process.

Main Methods:

  • Depolymerization of oxidized lignin using aqueous formic acid under mild conditions.
  • Investigation of C-O bond cleavage as the key reaction pathway.
  • Application of the method to aspen lignin and analysis of depolymerization products.

Main Results:

  • Achieved over 60wt% yield of low-molecular-mass aromatics from lignin depolymerization.
  • Demonstrated a facile C-O cleavage method effective under mild, aqueous conditions.
  • Obtained well-defined products, overcoming limitations of previous low-yield methods.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers a significant advancement in lignin valorization.
  • This facile depolymerization process enhances the potential for producing valuable aromatic chemicals from biomass.
  • The findings have broad implications for sustainable biomass refining and the chemical industry.