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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Reprogramming cell fate: a changing story.

Michael T Chin1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|November 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct reprogramming converts adult cells to new types using transcription factors. While promising for regenerative medicine, current methods face efficiency and mechanism challenges.

Keywords:
cell fatedirect reprogramminglineage determinationregenerative medicinetransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Fate Determination

Background:

  • Direct reprogramming aims to convert adult cells into different cell types.
  • This process holds potential for regenerative medicine by generating replacement cells.
  • Current methods for direct reprogramming are often inefficient and incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pioneering studies in direct cell reprogramming.
  • To describe direct reprogramming to specific cell lineages.
  • To summarize the molecular mechanisms and challenges in direct reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on direct cell reprogramming.
  • Analysis of studies involving forced expression of lineage-specific transcription factors.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms and efficiency of reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Forced transcription factor expression can induce cell fate changes.
  • Direct reprogramming offers potential for treating degenerative disorders.
  • Reprogramming efficiency and completeness remain significant challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming is a rapidly advancing field with significant therapeutic potential.
  • Further research is needed to understand and improve reprogramming efficiency and mechanisms.
  • Clinical applications are contingent on overcoming current technical hurdles.