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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Primary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy.

Vincent Dochez1, Guillaume Ducarme

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Departemental, 85000, La Roche sur Yon, France.

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
|November 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) in pregnancy is rare but serious. Early diagnosis and management of pHPT during pregnancy significantly reduce risks for both mother and fetus.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) during pregnancy presents rare but significant risks.
  • Maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality are increased in pregnant patients with pHPT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and management strategies for primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnant patients.
  • To synthesize recent findings on the characteristics, complications, and treatment of pHPT during gestation.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of PubMed (Medline®) was conducted.
  • 37 articles in English and French on pHPT in pregnancy were reviewed, focusing on diagnosis, outcomes, and management.

Main Results:

  • pHPT diagnosis involves elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone. Neck ultrasonography is the preferred imaging modality.
  • Mild cases may be managed medically; surgery is recommended for calcium levels >2.75 mmol/L, ideally in the second trimester.
  • Limited medication options exist, with bisphosphonates reserved for severe hypercalcemia.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis of pHPT in pregnancy is crucial.
  • Appropriate management and treatment of pHPT during pregnancy can substantially decrease maternal and fetal complications.