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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Spinal Hernia Repair and Cauda Equina Repositioning After Lumbar Decompression under Three-Dimensional Microscopy: A Case Report and Literature Review
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the cauda equina.

Martijn Broen1, Tim Draak1, Robert G Riedl2

  • 1Department of Neurology, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

BMJ Case Reports
|November 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Primary cauda equina lymphoma is a rare cancer that mimics herniated discs, making diagnosis challenging. Early diagnosis requires considering lymphoma, even with typical disc herniation symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is a rare non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Primary lymphoma of the cauda equina is exceptionally rare, with unknown prevalence.
  • Clinical presentation varies based on CNS location.

Observation:

  • Primary cauda equina lymphoma can mimic common disorders like herniated discs.
  • Diagnosing this rare condition is challenging, often delaying definitive treatment.
  • Two cases are presented where diagnosis was delayed until nerve root biopsy.

Findings:

  • Delayed diagnosis in primary cauda equina lymphoma is common due to non-specific symptoms.
  • Nerve root biopsy is crucial for definitive diagnosis of cauda equina lymphoma.
  • Early stages can be mistaken for more prevalent spinal pathologies.

Implications:

  • Increased awareness of primary cauda equina lymphoma is needed among clinicians.
  • Diagnostic protocols may need revision to include earlier consideration of lymphoma.
  • Timely diagnosis can improve patient outcomes for this rare malignancy.