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Can alternative sugar sources buffer pollinators from nectar shortages?

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Honeydew from scale insects on kānuka trees reduced flower visits by insects. However, moths later fed on honeydew after flowering, indicating its potential as a crucial food source for pollinators.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Entomology
  • Pollination Biology

Background:

  • Honeydew, a sugar-rich secretion from scale insects, is common in ecosystems.
  • Its role as a food source for pollinators, especially during nectar scarcity, is understudied.
  • Kānuka trees in New Zealand are often infested by honeydew-producing scale insects, with overlapping production and flowering periods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of honeydew on insect activity and floral visitation of kānuka trees.
  • To quantify sugar resources (honeydew and nectar) and assess nocturnal insect behavior.
  • To determine the post-flowering utilization of honeydew by insects.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified sugar resources (honeydew and nectar) on kānuka trees.
  • Recorded nocturnal insect activity on infested and uninfested trees during and after flowering.
  • Compared insect visitation rates to flowers on trees with and without scale insect infestation.

Main Results:

  • Insect abundance was higher on honeydew-infested trees, but these flowers received fewer visitors.
  • No direct switch from nectar to honeydew feeding was observed during flowering.
  • Moths extensively fed on honeydew after kānuka flowering ceased, indicating its importance as a later food source.

Conclusions:

  • Honeydew resources significantly influence insect visitation patterns to kānuka flowers.
  • Honeydew can serve as an important alternative food source for pollinators, particularly moths, post-flowering.
  • Future pollinator research should account for diverse sugar resources available in the environment.