Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this...

Vascular Spasm

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Correction to: Real-world outcomes of thrombectomy for distal medium vessel occlusions in the Middle East and North Africa region: a multicenter registry analysis.

Neuroradiology·2026

Same author

Premorbid vulnerability beyond stroke severity: Prognostic value of the modified frailty index-5 in young adults undergoing endovascular thrombectomy.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery·2026

Same author

Premorbid frailty (mFI-5) and functional recovery after endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

Neurological research·2026

Same author

Cerebrovascular Manifestations of Neurosarcoidosis - An Overview.

Vascular health and risk management·2026

Same author

Classic Raymond syndrome.

BMJ case reports·2026

Same author

MENA-adapted guidelines for acute ischemic stroke management: a regional approach to global evidence.

Neurological research·2026

Same journal

Isolated Cranial Tremors: A Reappraisal.

Seminars in neurology·2026

Same journal

Dystonia and Tremor.

Seminars in neurology·2026

Same journal

Pendular nystagmus and oculopalatal tremor.

Seminars in neurology·2026

Same journal

Sanjay Pandey, MBBS, MD, DNB, DM, FIAN, and Aasef Shaikh, MD, PhD.

Seminars in neurology·2026

Same journal

Tremor.

Seminars in neurology·2026

Same journal

Carotid Disease.

Seminars in neurology·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

CNS vasculitis.

Seby John¹, Rula A Hajj-Ali²

¹Cerebrovascular Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.

Seminars in Neurology

|November 5, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV) presents diagnostic challenges. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of primary CNS vasculitis (PACNS) lead to favorable outcomes, with newer therapies showing promise.

More Related Videos

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Published on: January 12, 2020

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Published on: December 6, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Published on: January 12, 2020

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

Neurology
Vascular Medicine
Immunology

Background:

Central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV) is a complex condition with diverse clinical presentations.
Distinguishing between primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS) and secondary vasculitis is crucial.
Diagnostic challenges exist due to variable symptoms and suboptimal test performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of adult CNSV.
To update on clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
To highlight recent advancements in understanding and managing CNSV.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on CNSV.
Analysis of diagnostic approaches, including clinical evaluation and investigations.
Examination of therapeutic strategies and outcomes.

Main Results:

CNSV diagnosis requires an exhaustive approach, excluding mimics like reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
Progress in understanding PACNS histopathology and clinical subsets.
Recent cohorts demonstrate favorable outcomes with early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Conclusions:

Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are key to improving outcomes in PACNS.
Newer drugs and imaging modalities offer improved treatment and diagnostic capabilities.
Continued research is vital for advancing CNSV management.