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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Microorganisms inhabit highly localized spaces known as microenvironments, which are defined by distinct physical and chemical characteristics. These include oxygen concentration, pH, temperature, light availability, and nutrient levels. The conditions within a microenvironment can differ markedly from those in the surrounding area and significantly influence microbial growth, metabolism, and community structure.Microenvironments often display sharp physicochemical gradients over small spatial...
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Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Culturing Lymphocytes in Simulated Microgravity Using a Rotary Cell Culture System
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Host-microbe interactions in microgravity: assessment and implications.

Jamie S Foster1, Raymond M Wheeler2, Regine Pamphile3

  • 1Space Life Science Lab, University of Florida, 505 Odyssey Way, Merritt Island, FL 32953, USA. jfoster@ufl.edu.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
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Spaceflight

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Space Biology
  • Host-Microbe Interactions

Background:

  • Spaceflight presents unique environmental stressors impacting host-microbe homeostasis.
  • Microgravity alters host-microbe interactions at genetic and physiological levels.
  • Microbiomes are crucial for host health, regulating metabolic and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of host-microbe interactions in microgravity.
  • To assess the impact of microgravity on pathogenic and mutualistic microbial associations.
  • To highlight the importance of microbial fitness for long-duration spaceflight.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on spaceflight and host-microbe interactions.
  • Analysis of genetic and physiological data related to microgravity effects.
  • Assessment of microbiome resiliency under altered environmental parameters.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity significantly impacts host-microbe interactions, affecting both genetic and physiological aspects.
  • Disruptions to environmental parameters can decrease microbiome resiliency, potentially leading to disease.
  • Understanding microbial responses is key to maintaining health in space.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into microbial fitness in microgravity is essential for human space exploration.
  • Maintaining healthy host-microbe homeostasis is critical for astronaut and plant health during long space missions.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge to guide future investigations in space microbiology.