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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Stem Cells toward the Future: The Space Challenge.

Silvia Bradamante1, Livia Barenghi2, Jeanette A M Maier3

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This summary is machine-generated.

Weightlessness causes bone loss in astronauts due to altered bone remodeling. Understanding bone mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) in microgravity is key to preventing this bone loss during space exploration.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Medicine
  • Cell Biology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Astronauts face weightlessness-induced bone loss from imbalanced bone remodeling.
  • Bone mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) play a crucial role in bone health but are understudied in microgravity.
  • bMSCs possess self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capabilities, offering biomedical potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current findings on bMSCs under simulated or real microgravity.
  • To investigate the influence of mechanosignaling, mechanotransduction, and oxygen on bMSC behavior.
  • To highlight the importance of bMSCs for future long-duration space missions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on bMSCs in microgravity.
  • Analysis of factors affecting bMSC proliferation, senescence, and differentiation.
  • Focus on mechanobiology and environmental influences.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity significantly impacts bMSC proliferation, senescence, and differentiation.
  • Mechanosignaling, mechanotransduction, and oxygen levels are critical modulators of bMSC function in space.
  • bMSCs are central to bone remodeling processes affected by microgravity.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of bMSC behavior in microgravity is essential for mitigating bone loss.
  • Targeting bMSCs could offer therapeutic strategies for spaceflight-induced skeletal fragility.
  • This knowledge is vital for enabling sustained human presence in space.