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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

6.0K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

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Overview
37.7K
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

5.3K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
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M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

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Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
Cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, work in concert with cyclins to control cell cycle transitions. M-Cdk, a complex of Cdk1 bound to M cyclin, is a well-known example of this coordinated control that drives the transition from the G2 to the M phase.
M cyclin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
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DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

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The MDM2 gene family.

Michael Mendoza, Garni Mandani, Jamil Momand

    Biomolecular Concepts
    |November 6, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    MDM2 and MDM4 are cancer-associated proteins that inhibit the p53 tumor suppressor. This study shows these proteins evolved independently of other p53-targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases, with MDM2 being more conserved.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Cancer Research
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • MDM2 and MDM4 are oncoproteins inhibiting the p53 tumor suppressor.
    • Both MDM2 and MDM4 are upregulated in various cancers.
    • MDM2 targets p53 for degradation via polyubiquitylation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the evolutionary origins of MDM2 and MDM4.
    • To compare the evolutionary conservation of MDM2 and MDM4.
    • To determine if MDM2/MDM4 evolved independently of other p53-targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative gene structure analysis of MDM2, MDM4, and MDM homologs.
    • Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary relationships.
    • Structure homology modeling of invertebrate MDM RING domains.

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    Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy
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    Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

    Published on: June 25, 2013

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

    DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
    12:24

    DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems

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    Comprehensive DNA Methylation Analysis Using a Methyl-CpG-binding Domain Capture-based Method in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients
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    Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy
    11:40

    Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy

    Published on: June 25, 2013

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    Main Results:

    • MDM2 and MDM4 arose from a gene duplication event over 440 million years ago.
    • COP1, Pirh2, and MSL2, other p53-targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases, evolved independently of MDM2/MDM4.
    • MDM2 exhibits greater evolutionary conservation than MDM4.

    Conclusions:

    • MDM2 and MDM4 represent an ancient gene family involved in p53 regulation.
    • The independent evolution of E3 ubiquitin ligases targeting p53 highlights diverse regulatory mechanisms.
    • MDM2's higher conservation suggests a critical, long-standing role in p53 pathway regulation.