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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

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Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

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Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
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Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

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Ingenol derivates promising for HIV eradication.

Eva Poveda1

  • 1Division of Clinical Virology, INIBIC-Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.

AIDS Reviews
|November 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The "shock and kill" strategy aims to eradicate HIV by activating latent viral reservoirs and blocking new infections. This approach uses compounds like histone deacetylase inhibitors to target persistent HIV reservoirs.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Current antiretroviral therapies control HIV but do not eliminate latent viral reservoirs, preventing a cure.
  • Latent HIV reservoirs harbor dormant virus, posing a significant challenge to HIV eradication efforts.

Discussion:

  • The "shock and kill" strategy proposes reactivating latent HIV to make infected cells susceptible to immune clearance or antiretroviral drugs.
  • This approach involves co-administering HIV-activating agents with potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent viral rebound.
  • Investigated compounds include histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI), histone methyltransferases (HMT), DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTI), and protein kinase C (PKC) activators.

Key Insights:

  • Targeting latent HIV reservoirs is crucial for achieving a functional cure or eradication of HIV.

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  • The "shock and kill" paradigm offers a promising therapeutic avenue by exposing and eliminating persistent viral reservoirs.
  • Various classes of compounds are being explored to effectively induce viral reactivation.

    • Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to optimize the efficacy and safety of "shock and kill" therapies.
    • Clinical trials are essential to evaluate the potential of these strategies in achieving HIV eradication in patients.
    • Combination therapies targeting different aspects of viral latency may enhance the success of reservoir elimination.