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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity.

Eiji Kawasaki1

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Nagasaki Harbor Medical Center City Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.

Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology : Case Reports and Clinical Investigations : Official Journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology
|November 7, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) screening should include thyroid antibodies and TSH, especially in children, due to high co-occurrence with autoimmune thyroid disease. Early detection is key for managing these interconnected autoimmune conditions.

Keywords:
Zinc transporter 8anti-islet autoantibodiesautoimmune thyroid diseasepredictiontype 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease targeting pancreatic beta cells.
  • T1D frequently coexists with other autoimmune conditions, most commonly autoimmune thyroid disease (>90%).
  • Anti-thyroid antibodies are prevalent in children with T1D (approx. 20%) and significantly increase thyroid disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the high comorbidity of autoimmune thyroid disease in Type 1 diabetes patients.
  • To recommend screening protocols for early detection of thyroid dysfunction in children with T1D.
  • To discuss the role of specific autoantibodies in T1D diagnosis and classification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T1D comorbidities.
  • Analysis of anti-thyroid antibody prevalence in pediatric T1D cohorts.
  • Discussion of autoantibody profiles (GAD, IA-2, insulin, ZnT8) in Japanese T1D patients.

Main Results:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common co-occurring autoimmune condition in T1D.
  • Anti-thyroid antibodies are found in ~20% of children at T1D onset, increasing thyroid disease likelihood 18-fold.
  • GAD antibodies are most common (~80%) in Japanese T1D patients, with IA-2 and ZnT8 antibodies linked to childhood/acute onset.

Conclusions:

  • Yearly screening for anti-thyroid antibodies and TSH is recommended for children with T1D after age 12.
  • Diagnostic strategies for Type 1A diabetes should consider patient age and onset characteristics.
  • Early detection and management of associated autoimmune thyroid disease are crucial in T1D care.