Control of hypertension and survival in haemodialysis patients

Hypertension is common in approximately 80% to 90% of patients at the start of dialysis therapy and is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it should be controlled, even in the chronic dialysis population. Observational studies indicate a U-shaped phenomenon, as the mortality rate is high among those with hypertension as well as those with hypotension. Among chronic dialysis patients, randomized controlled trials on the effect of anti-hypertensive treatment are not conclusive, at least not as demonstrated by studies with a large sample size. Similar to other potentially effective drug therapies such as erythropoietin stimulating agent, statins, and uraemic toxin adsorbents, the benefit of anti-hypertensive treatment remains to be demonstrated in dialysis patients. The blood pressure target level, however, is difficult to determine as evidence for the level of appropriate target is lacking. Currently, it should be determined individually, as the priority is to perform haemodialysis as prescribed. The target levels of blood pressure for chronic haemodialysis patients are not stated except in the Guidelines in the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. In this guideline, systolic blood pressure between 140 to 159 mmHg is preferable among elderly patients with comorbid conditions. Rapid ultrafiltration, such as >600 mL/h, is to be avoided. Intra-dialysis hypotension, muscle cramps, and other complaints during HD are preventable. Moreover, the nutritional status should be maintained within the normal range with adequate intake of protein and calories, but with salt restriction. Further studies are necessary for better management of hypertension in the dialysis population.