Khat consumption: a pharmacological review.

Area of Science:

• Pharmacology
• Neuroscience
• Drug Abuse Studies

Background:

• Khat (Catha edulis) consumption is widespread, with reported amphetamine-like psychoactive effects.
• The primary active compounds in Khat are phenylalkylamines, notably cathinone and cathine.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the clinical and experimental pharmacology of Khat over the past decade.
• To evaluate the abuse potential and dependence liability of Khat in humans.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing scientific literature on Khat's pharmacology and clinical effects.
• Analysis of preclinical data on cathinone and cathine in animal models.
• Assessment of dependence criteria in habitual Khat consumers.

Main Results:

• Khat ingestion induces sympathetic activation, euphoria, and increased alertness, similar to amphetamines.
• Cathinone acts as a positive reinforcer in animal studies, suggesting some abuse liability.
• Mild dependence in humans is characterized by craving and tolerance, but lacks a distinct abstinence syndrome.

Conclusions:

• Khat's pharmacological profile is largely attributable to its phenylalkylamine content.
• The bulk of Khat leaves limits high-dose consumption, mitigating significant human abuse potential.
• Caution is advised in implementing Khat restrictions to prevent unintended increases in the use of more harmful substances.