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Hazard Rate01:11

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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Hazard Ratio01:12

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Online Gamers
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[Online-gambling - new hazard potential?].

Kurosch Yazdi1, Karin Yazdi

  • 1Department of Psychiatry 5, Landesnervenklinik Wagner-Jauregg, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria, kurosch.yazdi@gespag.at.

Psychiatria Danubina
|November 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The addictive potential of gambling, including sports wagering, is recognized, with online gambling showing higher risks. This shift to cyberspace presents challenges for individuals, therapists, and society.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Behavioral Science

Context:

  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) now classifies gambling disorder alongside substance-related disorders.
  • The internet's expansion has facilitated a significant shift of gambling activities into cyberspace.
  • Similar neurobiological processes are observed across various addictive disorders, including gambling.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the recognized addictive potential of gambling and sports wagering.
  • To examine the increasing prevalence and impact of online gambling.
  • To underscore the challenges posed by the rise of cyberspace gambling.

Summary:

  • The integration of gambling disorder into the DSM-5 classification confirms its addictive nature.

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  • Online gambling appears to have a higher addictive potential compared to traditional offline gambling.
  • The increasing number of patients seeking treatment for gambling addiction reflects this growing concern.
  • Impact:

    • Online gambling addiction poses significant challenges for affected individuals, treatment providers, and society.
    • This trend necessitates a re-evaluation of therapeutic strategies and regulatory frameworks for gambling.
    • Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings is crucial for developing effective interventions for gambling disorder.