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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
22
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
19
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

20
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet...
20
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

1.0K
Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
1.0K
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

5
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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ICON: chronic rhinosinusitis.

Claus Bachert1, Ruby Pawankar2, Luo Zhang3

  • 1Upper Airways Research Laboratory (URL), University Hospital Ghent, Kragujevac, Belgium.

The World Allergy Organization Journal
|November 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex condition with varied causes, impacting public health significantly. This consensus provides a unified reference for understanding CRS, covering definitions, pathophysiology, and treatment options for better management.

Keywords:
BiologicalsChronic rhinosinusitisCo-morbiditiesGeneticsPathophysiologyPharmacoeconomicsPhenotypesTreatmentUnmet needs

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) presents a significant public health challenge due to its complex and heterogeneous nature.
  • Existing guidelines offer valuable insights but face challenges in managing severe and refractory CRS cases.
  • The International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology (iCAALL) initiated an International Consensus (ICON) to address these complexities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a concise reference by synthesizing key messages from existing CRS guidelines.
  • To identify differences in recommendations and knowledge gaps in current CRS understanding.
  • To provide a unified perspective on CRS definition, pathophysiology, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing international and national guidelines, position papers, and consensus documents on CRS.
  • Comprehensive discussion covering disease definition, relevance, pharmacoeconomics, pathophysiology, phenotypes, endotypes, genetics, risk factors, natural history, comorbidities, and clinical manifestations.
  • Inclusion of treatment options for adults and children, including pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, and biological approaches.

Main Results:

  • The consensus highlights common messages and discrepancies across existing CRS guidelines.
  • It addresses the multifaceted aspects of CRS, from basic science to clinical management.
  • Key areas discussed include disease heterogeneity, endotypes, and emerging biological treatments.

Conclusions:

  • The ICON on CRS provides a crucial, consolidated reference for clinicians and researchers.
  • It aims to improve the understanding and targeted treatment strategies for diverse CRS forms.
  • Future research directions and unmet needs in CRS management are identified.