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Shape transformations of toroidal vesicles.

Hiroshi Noguchi1, Ai Sakashita, Masayuki Imai

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This study numerically and experimentally investigates toroidal vesicle shapes. Non-axisymmetric shapes and polygonal forms were discovered in thermal equilibrium, refining previous theories on vesicle morphology.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Theoretical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Vesicles are crucial in biological systems and materials science.
  • Understanding toroidal vesicle morphology is key to their function.
  • Previous theories primarily focused on axisymmetric shapes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically and experimentally investigate the morphologies of genus-1 and genus-2 toroidal vesicles.
  • To compare simulation results with experimental observations.
  • To identify novel vesicle shapes and transitions beyond previous theoretical predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamically triangulated membrane models for numerical simulations.
  • Confocal laser microscopy for experimental validation.
  • Analysis of shape transformations and stability under varying reduced volumes.

Main Results:

  • Simulation results accurately reproduced observed shape transformations.
  • At large reduced volumes, shapes matched previous axisymmetric predictions (stomatocyte, discoidal toroid, circular toroid).
  • At small reduced volumes, non-axisymmetric discoidal toroids and handled discocytes were found in thermal equilibrium, differing from prior theories.
  • Polygonal toroidal vesicles and budding transitions were observed.
  • Entropy from shape fluctuations subtly influenced vesicle shape stability.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals previously unidentified non-axisymmetric and polygonal toroidal vesicle shapes.
  • Findings refine theoretical models of vesicle morphology, especially at smaller reduced volumes.
  • Shape fluctuations play a role in the stability of vesicle shapes.