Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness.

Area of Science:

• Forensic Toxicology
• Analytical Chemistry
• Separation Science

Background:

• Traditional methods in forensic toxicology face limitations in handling complex matrices and diverse analytes.
• Electromigrative separation techniques offer distinct physicochemical and analytical benefits over conventional approaches.
• Established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office are considered alongside novel applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology.
• To highlight analytical aspects, including analyte characteristics and separation challenges.
• To provide guidance on method development for capillary electrophoresis applications.

Main Methods:

• Focus on well-validated methods addressing specific analytical challenges.
• Analysis of physicochemical properties (polarity, stereoisomers) and matrix tolerance.
• Consideration of sample volume, separation from excess compounds, and orthogonality.

Main Results:

• Electromigrative techniques demonstrate specific advantages in forensic toxicology, particularly concerning matrix effects and analyte separation.
• The mobility axis, on-site instrumentation potential, and capillary format for immunoassays are key features.
• Profiling and screening studies, alongside detailed analyses, are evaluated.

Conclusions:

• Electromigrative separation techniques provide powerful tools for forensic toxicological analysis.
• These methods offer solutions for complex analytical challenges, enhancing sensitivity and specificity.
• The review serves as an introductory guide for implementing capillary electrophoresis in forensic laboratories.