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Selected Data About Geographic Locations01:25

Selected Data About Geographic Locations

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) rely on two core types of data: spatial data and attribute data.Spatial DataSpatial data defines the physical location of features within a coordinate system, typically expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. It provides precise positioning for elements like roads, rivers, or buildings.Attribute DataAttribute data complements spatial data by adding descriptive information about these features. For example, a road's spatial data includes its start and...
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Levels of Use of a GIS01:29

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) operate across three levels of application, each representing an increasing degree of complexity: data management, analysis, and prediction. These levels reflect the expanding functionality and versatility of GIS technology in handling spatial data for diverse purposes.Data ManagementAt its foundational level, GIS serves as a tool for data management, enabling the input, storage, retrieval, and organization of spatial data. This level is often employed in...
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GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data01:23

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A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS software includes critical functionalities such as a user interface for easy navigation, database management tools for handling spatial and attribute data, and data retrieval features for efficient access. Analytical tools transform raw data into insights, while display functions produce maps and reports in various formats for effective...
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Manipulation and Analysis01:21

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GIS manipulation and analysis functions are vital for decision-making and planning. These activities range from data retrieval tasks, such as selecting information based on specific criteria, to advanced analytical techniques that address complex spatial problems.One critical GIS analysis method is overlaying, which combines multiple data layers to examine impacts. For example, overlaying a river-dammed lake boundary with road networks can identify affected infrastructure. Another common...
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Introduction to GIS01:28

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are tools for storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data alongside related attributes. Unlike traditional information systems that address general queries, GIS incorporates spatial components, enabling users to answer "where" and "how far." For example, GIS can process housing data linked to geographic locations like zip codes, allowing insights into population density or housing distribution through thematic maps.GIS integrates technologies such as...
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Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response01:29

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Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations
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Geocoding large population-level administrative datasets at highly resolved spatial scales.

Sharon E Edwards1, Benjamin Strauss2, Marie Lynn Miranda3

  • 1Children's Environmental Health Initiative, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 2046 Dana Building, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.

Transactions in GIS : TG
|November 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable detailed spatial analysis of health data. Highly resolved geocoding of street addresses is viable for population-level datasets, improving public health research.

Keywords:
Birth recordDeath recordGeocodingSpatial resolution

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Spatial Epidemiology

Background:

  • Spatial analysis in public health traditionally uses coarse geographic units (e.g., county, zip code) due to geocoding limitations.
  • Linking administrative, demographic, social, and environmental data via GIS allows exploration of exposure-health relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of geocoding population-level datasets at high spatial resolutions (street and parcel levels).
  • To examine geocoding success rates across different demographics and spatial scales.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 2005 North Carolina birth and death data.
  • Geocoded records to zip code, street, and parcel levels.
  • Analyzed geocoding rates in relation to demographic factors and urban-rural status.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high statewide geocoding rates: 88.0% for births and 93.2% for deaths at the street level.
  • Observed disparities in geocoding success, with lower rates in disadvantaged populations and significant urban-rural differences.
  • Demonstrated the viability of highly resolved spatial data architectures for population health.

Conclusions:

  • Geocoding individual street addresses is a viable method for creating highly resolved spatial data for public health research.
  • Recommend routine geocoding to the highest feasible resolution, acknowledging potential biases in disparate geocoding success across subpopulations.
  • Enables researchers to select appropriate spatial resolutions based on the specific health outcomes and exposures under investigation.