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Inflammation01:38

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Overview
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Inflammation is a fundamental, protective biological response of vascularized tissues to cellular injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. Its primary function is to eliminate the initial cause of injury, clear necrotic cells and damaged tissue, and initiate the necessary repair processes.Cardinal SignsAcute inflammation presents with classic signs. Redness results from vasodilation and increased blood flow. Heat is due to increased metabolism and circulation. Swelling results from the...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
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A Microphysiological System to Study Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interaction during Inflammation
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Inflammation and the blood microvascular system.

Jordan S Pober1, William C Sessa2

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089.

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Summary

Microvessels play a key role in inflammation. Endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells in microvessels become active during inflammation, altering their function.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Pathology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Inflammation involves changes in microvascular structure and function.
  • Endothelial cells normally maintain a quiescent, non-reactive surface.
  • Proinflammatory mediators activate endothelial cells, making them key players in inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding microvessel roles in inflammation.
  • To highlight the involvement of endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of microvascular cell functions during inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Activated endothelium becomes a major participant in inflammatory responses.
  • Microvessel functions are modulated by pericytes and smooth muscle cells.
  • Changes in microvascular form and function are central to acute and chronic inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Microvessels are critical components of the inflammatory response.
  • Understanding microvessel cell interactions is key to addressing inflammatory diseases.