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Related Concept Videos

Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

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Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Oxygenic Photosynthesis01:26

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

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Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate...
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Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis01:22

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The electron transport chain is a critical component of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It facilitates the transfer of high-energy electrons from reduced cofactors NADH and FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This transfer of electrons through a series of protein complexes is tightly coupled to the translocation of protons across the membrane, generating a proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis.Electron Flow and Proton...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

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Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
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High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers
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Oxidative phosphorylation revisited.

Sunil Nath1, John Villadsen

  • 1Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark. sunath@dbeb.iitd.ac.in, sunil_nath_iit@yahoo.com, sunath@kt.dtu.dk.

Biotechnology and Bioengineering
|November 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New research revisits oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation, presenting novel mechanistic explanations for ATP synthesis. This study challenges existing chemiosmotic theory with new data on anion involvement, proposing a revised model for energy transduction in cellular energetics.

Keywords:
F1FO-ATP synthaseMitchell's chemiosmotic theoryNath's torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesisP/O ratioalkaliphilic bacteriaanionsbioenergeticscotransporterion and energy couplingmalatemolecular mechanismoxidative phosphorylationphotosynthesissuccinateuncouplerunified theory of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Bioenergetics
  • Cellular Energetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation are fundamental to cellular energy production.
  • Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory, proposed 50 years ago, explains ATP synthesis but has faced criticism regarding its mechanistic details.
  • Existing models struggle to reconcile experimental data with theoretical predictions for energy coupling and ATP synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To revisit the fundamental mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
  • To present new experimental data and a novel molecular mechanistic explanation for energy coupling and ATP synthesis.
  • To propose a revised theory that addresses inconsistencies in current models, including Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.

Main Methods:

  • Presentation of new experimental data on the involvement of succinate and malate anions.
  • Theoretical analysis based on Nath's torsional mechanism of energy transduction.
  • Comparison of the proposed mechanism with existing theories and experimental values for P/O ratios.

Main Results:

  • New data reveal the specific involvement of succinate and malate anions in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation, respectively.
  • A novel molecular mechanism for energy coupling and ATP synthesis is proposed, resolving flaws in Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory.
  • The findings align with Nath's torsional mechanism, suggesting energy-transducing complexes function as proton-dicarboxylic acid anion cotransporters.

Conclusions:

  • The energy-transducing complexes are proposed to be proton-dicarboxylic acid anion cotransporters, not just proton translocators.
  • This revised mechanism necessitates a re-evaluation of current theories on biological energy transduction, coupling, and ATP synthesis.
  • The mechanism is extended to prokaryotes, offering a comprehensive theory for ATP synthesis across diverse organisms and conditions.