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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Magical thinking encompasses the belief in assumptions that defy logical reasoning yet appear intuitively convincing. It is a common psychological phenomenon that persists across various cultural and individual contexts. While these assumptions contradict empirical evidence and scientific laws, they often serve meaningful psychological roles in promoting emotional resilience and a sense of control, especially under stress or uncertainty.Thought-Action Fusion and the Law of SimilarityA key...
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Repressed memories are a psychological phenomenon where memories of traumatic events are unconsciously blocked from a person's awareness. This process occurs as a defense mechanism, protecting the mind from the emotional impact of distressing or painful experiences. For example, a person who has experienced childhood trauma may grow up with no conscious recollection of the event. In such cases, the memories are thought to be buried deep within the subconscious, inaccessible to the conscious...
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Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Refractory migraine in a "just world".

J Michael Jones1

  • 1Pacific Rim Headache Center, Anacortes, WA, USA.

Headache
|November 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The just world hypothesis wrongly assumes poor treatment outcomes stem from patient noncompliance. Severe disease can cause treatment failure even with excellent care and patient adherence, as seen in refractory headaches.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Medical Ethics

Background:

  • The "just world hypothesis" posits that negative outcomes are deserved.
  • This belief can lead to blaming patients for treatment failures.

Observation:

  • Disease severity exists on a spectrum.
  • The most severe end includes treatment failures despite optimal patient compliance and medical care.

Findings:

  • Refractory headache patients can represent treatment failures due to severe underlying disease, not noncompliance.
  • Excellent medical care and patient adherence do not guarantee positive outcomes in all cases.

Implications:

  • Challenging the "just world hypothesis" in clinical practice is crucial.
  • Clinicians must recognize severe disease as a cause of treatment failure, independent of patient behavior.
Keywords:
blameintractablejust world theorymedication overuse headacherefractoryvictim

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  • This understanding is vital for managing complex headache disorders and other severe conditions.