Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

732
Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
732
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

10.6K
The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
10.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Clinical Spectrum of Bradyarrhythmias "To Pace or Not to Pace".

Heart, lung & circulation·2025
Same author

Variability of the PR intervals in Wenckebach atrioventricular block.

Journal of electrocardiology·2024
Same author

Letter to the Editor: An Update on Malpositioned Electrocardiographic Leads - The 'Double Twist'.

Heart, lung & circulation·2024
Same author

Pseudo-2:1 bundle branch block. "Fusion causes confusion".

Journal of arrhythmia·2023
Same author

Type I Second Degree Atrioventricular Block With Dual Atrioventricular Nodal Pathway Conduction.

Heart, lung & circulation·2023
Same author

Incomplete (partial) left anterior hemiblock.

Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa
08:17

Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa

Published on: September 27, 2018

9.0K

The cardiac implantable electronic device power source: evolution and revolution.

Harry G Mond1, Gary Freitag

  • 1Department of Cardiology, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : PACE
|November 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Lithium anode batteries power all modern cardiac implantable electronic devices, evolving from early pacemaker cells to meet advanced device demands like telemetry and biventricular pacing.

Keywords:
biomedical engineeringdefibrillation-ICDpacing

More Related Videos

A New Single Chamber Implantable Defibrillator with Atrial Sensing: A Practical Demonstration of Sensing and Ease of Implantation
16:40

A New Single Chamber Implantable Defibrillator with Atrial Sensing: A Practical Demonstration of Sensing and Ease of Implantation

Published on: February 28, 2012

27.0K
Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing
07:13

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Published on: October 20, 2021

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa
08:17

Autonomous and Rechargeable Microneurostimulator Endoscopically Implantable into the Submucosa

Published on: September 27, 2018

9.0K
A New Single Chamber Implantable Defibrillator with Atrial Sensing: A Practical Demonstration of Sensing and Ease of Implantation
16:40

A New Single Chamber Implantable Defibrillator with Atrial Sensing: A Practical Demonstration of Sensing and Ease of Implantation

Published on: February 28, 2012

27.0K
Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing
07:13

Implantation and Control of Wireless, Battery-free Systems for Peripheral Nerve Interfacing

Published on: October 20, 2021

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Early pacemakers used nickel-cadmium and zinc-mercury batteries.
  • Lithium-iodine cells dominated pacemaker power until the early 2000s.
  • Advancements in cardiac devices required higher power capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To trace the evolution of power sources for cardiac implantable electronic devices.
  • To highlight the transition to lithium anode batteries.
  • To explain the necessity of advanced battery chemistries for modern devices.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator power sources.
  • Analysis of battery chemistry evolution in response to device technological progress.
  • Examination of power requirements for contemporary cardiac electronic devices.

Main Results:

  • Lithium-iodine cells were initially used for low-power pacemakers.
  • Newer lithium chemistries (Li-CFx, Li-MnO2, Li-SOV/CFx) emerged for medium-power needs.
  • Lithium-vanadium pentoxide and lithium-silver vanadium oxide batteries powered early implantable defibrillators.
  • All current cardiac implantable electronic devices rely on lithium anode batteries.

Conclusions:

  • Lithium anode batteries are the universal power source for modern cardiac implantable electronic devices.
  • Battery technology has continuously adapted to meet the increasing power demands of advanced pacing and defibrillation therapies.
  • The evolution reflects significant progress in miniaturization, functionality, and longevity of cardiac electronic devices.