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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization
07:32

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Published on: January 29, 2017

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Green-solvent-processed molecular solar cells.

Xiaofen Chen1, Xiaofeng Liu, Mark A Burgers

  • 1Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (USA).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Green solvents like 2-MeTHF enable high-efficiency bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. Switching from chloroform to 2-MeTHF processing shows no negative impact on BHJ film morphology or performance.

Keywords:
green chemistrymolecular solar cellsorganic semiconductorspower conversionsustainable chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Organic solar cells (OSCs) offer a promising alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics.
  • High power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are crucial for commercial viability.
  • Traditional OSC fabrication often relies on hazardous organic solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using the green solvent 2-MeTHF for fabricating high-efficiency bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells.
  • To assess the impact of switching processing solvents from chloroform to 2-MeTHF on BHJ film morphology and charge transport.
  • To demonstrate the potential of sustainable solvents for large-area printing of organic photovoltaics (OPVs).

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of BHJ organic solar cells using a blend of a molecular semiconductor donor (X2) and PC61BC8.
  • Solvent processing of active layers using both chloroform and 2-MeTHF.
  • Morphological characterization via absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GWAXS).
  • Evaluation of charge-transport properties in the BHJ films.

Main Results:

  • BHJ organic solar cells fabricated with 2-MeTHF achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 5%.
  • Switching the processing solvent from chloroform to 2-MeTHF did not negatively affect the morphology of the BHJ films.
  • AFM and GWAXS analyses confirmed no significant changes in film morphology or nanoscale structure.
  • Charge-transport properties remained comparable between films processed with chloroform and 2-MeTHF.

Conclusions:

  • 2-MeTHF is an effective green solvent for fabricating high-efficiency BHJ organic solar cells.
  • Sustainable solvents can replace traditional hazardous solvents without compromising device performance.
  • This research paves the way for eco-friendly, large-area printing and mass production of OPVs and related optoelectronic devices.