Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 21, 2026
Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
Published on: March 11, 2016
Off-axis nonmydriatic photography to evaluate the posterior pole through small pupils
Michael A Sandberg1, Alexander R Gaudio
1From the *Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; and †The Massachusetts Lions District 33N Eyemobile, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts.
Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to improve the clarity of retinal images photographed through small pupils.
Methods:
Retinal photographs were taken with a Topcon TRC-NW100 digital nonmydriatic camera centered and decentered about the pupillary axis. Four hundred and twelve consecutive individuals (age, 8-95 years) were screened for eye disease with nonmydriatic retinal photography in the District 33N Lions Eyemobile during a 1-year period.
Results:
Twenty-nine percent of the eyes photographed had pupillary diameters <4 mm and yielded or would have yielded poor-quality images of the posterior pole with standard, on-axis alignment. In 78% of these eyes with small pupils, photography with off-axis alignment produced images of sufficient clarity for clinical assessment of retinal appearance.
Conclusion:
Off-axis alignment increases the percentage of gradable images of the posterior pole in individuals with small pupils.
