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Related Concept Videos

Managing Impressions01:19

Managing Impressions

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Impression management encompasses individuals' deliberate efforts to shape how others perceive them during social interactions. This behavior is often employed to conform to social norms, secure approval, or pursue specific goals. While it involves selective self-presentation, it is not necessarily deceptive; individuals frequently present authentic aspects of themselves that align with situational demands.Common strategies include:Ingratiation: where individuals use flattery or agreeableness...
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The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:In the equation, x is an event, and P(x) is the probability of the event occurring.The expected value has practical applications in decision theory.This text is adapted from Openstax, Introductory Statistics, Section 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and...
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Appearance is a multidimensional aspect of self-presentation that encompasses observable attributes such as clothing, grooming, speech, and nonverbal behavior. These elements are often strategically managed to align with socially constructed expectations in different settings. For instance, individuals tailor their appearance during job interviews, social gatherings, or athletic events to meet the perceived norms of those environments.Contextual Adaptation and Social SignalsThe research...
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Unrealistic optimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. This cognitive bias makes individuals believe they are less likely to experience failures, setbacks, or risks and more likely to succeed than others. For example, people may assume they are less prone to health issues, accidents, or financial struggles than their peers, even when they share similar risk factors.One key component of this bias is the above-average effect, where individuals perceive...
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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Expectation management.

Jean-Paul Chretien

    The New England Journal of Medicine
    |November 13, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Physicians often overlook that their predictions about patient treatment outcomes are part of the actual medical intervention. This oversight can impact therapeutic effectiveness and patient care.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Decision Making
    • Clinical Psychology
    • Health Communication

    Background:

    • Physicians translate study data into patient-specific probability predictions.
    • The act of communicating these predictions is often not recognized as an intervention itself.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the underappreciated role of prediction communication as an intervention.
    • To encourage a more integrated approach to understanding therapeutic communication.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of physician communication in clinical practice.
    • Review of existing literature on therapeutic communication and patient expectations.

    Main Results:

    • Physician predictions about treatment efficacy are integral to the therapeutic process.
    • This communication influences patient perception and adherence, thereby affecting outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Recognizing predictions as interventions necessitates careful consideration of how they are communicated.
    • Integrating communication strategies into intervention design can optimize patient care and treatment success.