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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Utilization of Plasmonic and Photonic Crystal Nanostructures for Enhanced Micro- and Nanoparticle Manipulation

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Published on: September 27, 2011

Spin-orbit coupling in surface plasmon scattering by nanostructures.

D O'Connor¹, P Ginzburg², F J Rodríguez-Fortuño¹

¹Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK.

Nature Communications

|November 14, 2014

Summary

We demonstrate a reciprocal spin-orbit coupling effect where surface plasmon propagation dictates photon scattering direction. This optical analogue of the inverse spin Hall effect has implications for optical computing and quantum technologies.

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Area of Science:

Optics
Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Information Science

Background:

The spin Hall effect separates electrons by spin via spin-orbit interaction.
Photons with different spin (circular polarization) can diverge when interacting with asymmetric metasurfaces or interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a reciprocal spin-orbit coupling effect in optics.
To explore the analogy between optical spin-orbit coupling and solid-state spintronics.

Main Methods:

Utilizing surface plasmon waves with intrinsic transverse spin.
Investigating the scattering of spin-carrying photons influenced by surface plasmon propagation direction.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a reciprocal spin-orbit coupling effect where surface plasmon propagation direction determines photon scattering.
Established an optical analogue to the inverse spin Hall effect.

Conclusions:

The demonstrated spin-orbit coupling effect offers a new mechanism for controlling light polarization.
This effect holds potential for applications in optical information processing, quantum optical technologies, and topological surface metrology.