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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio are cured by oiling and moistening the forms before casting the concrete member. These forms can be left in place for a prolonged period to prevent moisture loss, and can be wetted if made of a material suitable for wetting. If the forms are removed early, the concrete member is moistened and covered with polythene sheets to maintain moisture. For large horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to dry weather, a temporary covering is suspended...
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Towards an HIV cure.

Steven Deeks1

  • 1AIDS Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Journal of the International AIDS Society
|November 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Developing effective HIV remission strategies requires reducing the viral reservoir and enhancing immune control. Achieving a functional cure for HIV necessitates a combination approach, building on current advances and addressing remaining challenges.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV is complex and costly.
  • Global delivery of ART faces significant challenges.
  • There is a critical need for short-term, well-tolerated HIV treatment regimens enabling indefinite therapy interruption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore strategies for achieving HIV remission or a functional cure.
  • To discuss the potential mechanisms of sustained viral control post-therapy.
  • To outline future research priorities in HIV remission.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent interventions, including stem cell transplantation and early ART initiation.
  • Analysis of approaches to reduce the HIV reservoir size.

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  • Evaluation of strategies to induce durable host-mediated control of persistent HIV.

    • Main Results:

    • Dramatic reductions in the HIV reservoir are achievable but complete eradication is unlikely.
    • Most attempts to stimulate host-mediated control of HIV have been unsuccessful.
    • A combination of reservoir reduction and immune surveillance is likely necessary for cure.

    Conclusions:

    • Achieving a true HIV cure likely requires both reducing the viral reservoir and establishing durable immune surveillance.
    • This state mirrors that observed in elite controllers and post-treatment controllers.
    • Future research must integrate these dual approaches to advance HIV remission strategies.