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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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When cells are placed in a hypotonic (low-salt) fluid, they can swell and burst. Meanwhile, cells in a hypertonic solution—with a higher salt concentration—can shrivel and die. How do fish cells avoid these gruesome fates in hypotonic freshwater or hypertonic seawater environments?
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis
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Embryo Microinjection and Electroporation in the Chordate Ciona intestinalis

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Regulatory elements retained during chordate evolution: coming across tunicates.

Quirino Attilio Vassalli1, Evgeniya Anishchenko, Luigi Caputi

  • 1Cellular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.

Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)
|November 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) are crucial for embryonic development. New methods help identify these regulatory elements across diverse species, even with genomic divergence, advancing evolutionary studies.

Keywords:
gene clustershomeobox-containing genesnon-coding elementsphylogenetic footprintingtranscription factors

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Cultivation of the Marine Pelagic Tunicate Dolioletta gegenbauri Uljanin 1884 for Experimental Studies
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Cultivation of the Marine Pelagic Tunicate Dolioletta gegenbauri Uljanin 1884 for Experimental Studies
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) play vital roles in regulating gene expression during embryonic development.
  • Tunicates are an excellent model for studying the evolution of regulatory networks due to their early divergence before vertebrate genome duplications.
  • Identifying CNEs across distantly related species is challenging due to sequence divergence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on CNE characterization in embryonic development.
  • To explore evolutionary similarities and differences in CNEs between tunicates and other chordates.
  • To discuss novel methodologies for identifying regulatory CNEs in phylogenetically distant species.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging advancements in genome sequencing and bioinformatics.
  • Analyzing sequence conservation patterns of CNEs.
  • Employing a low sequence constraint approach to identify orthologous gene regions.
  • Utilizing a combination of methodologies beyond high sequence identity.

Main Results:

  • Many vertebrate-specific CNEs regulating development have been identified.
  • Few CNEs have been recognized in tunicates due to significant genomic sequence divergence.
  • A low sequence constraint approach successfully identified cross-species conserved regulatory elements controlling developmental genes in chordates.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying regulatory CNEs across diverse species requires flexible methodologies.
  • The study highlights the utility of combining approaches to overcome sequence divergence challenges.
  • This research advances the understanding of conserved regulatory elements in chordate evolution.