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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: Non-Surgical Treatment of Melasma&#8211; Microneedling with Tranexamic Acid
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Melasma update.

Rashmi Sarkar1, Pooja Arora2, Vijay Kumar Garg1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.

Indian Dermatology Online Journal
|November 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores melasma pathogenesis, discussing genetic, UV, and hormonal triggers. It highlights newer treatments and their efficacy, building on established therapies like hydroquinone.

Keywords:
Etiologyhydroquinonelasersmelasmapathogenesispeelingtreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pigmentary Disorders

Background:

  • Melasma is a common facial hyperpigmentation disorder.
  • Its complex pathogenesis involves genetics, UV radiation, and hormones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenetic factors of melasma.
  • To describe and evaluate newer treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • PubMed search for "melasma, pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis, treatment".
  • Inclusion of recent data.

Main Results:

  • Melasma pathogenesis is multifactorial.
  • Hydroquinone is the gold standard; newer agents, including plant extracts, are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding melasma pathogenesis is key for effective treatment and relapse prevention.
  • Newer treatments offer alternative or complementary options to hydroquinone.