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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
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Transcriptional activity of the islet β cell factor Pdx1 is augmented by lysine methylation catalyzed by the methyltransferase Set7/9.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells
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Minireview: microRNA function in pancreatic β cells.

Sabire Ozcan1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.

Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)
|November 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs regulate glucose homeostasis and insulin production, impacting diabetes development. This review highlights microRNAs with established roles in pancreatic beta-cell function, insulin secretion, and development.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression.
  • Altered miRNA levels are implicated in various diseases, including diabetes.
  • MiRNAs play a critical role in glucose homeostasis and insulin regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review microRNAs with established roles in pancreatic beta-cell function.
  • To focus on miRNAs regulating insulin production, insulin secretion, and beta-cell development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of functional studies on miRNAs in pancreatic beta-cells.
  • Focus on miRNAs with experimentally validated roles.

Main Results:

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  • Numerous miRNAs are identified in pancreatic beta-cells.
  • Functional studies linking most identified miRNAs to beta-cell function are limited.
  • Specific miRNAs have demonstrated roles in insulin production, secretion, and beta-cell development.

    • Conclusions:

    • MicroRNAs are crucial regulators of pancreatic beta-cell function and glucose homeostasis.
    • Further functional studies are needed to fully elucidate the roles of many identified miRNAs in diabetes.
    • Targeting specific miRNAs may offer therapeutic potential for diabetes treatment.