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Related Concept Videos

Voltage01:13

Voltage

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The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called the electromotive force or voltage. The voltage between two points, referred to as points "a" and "b," in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from point "a" to point "b," and this relationship is expressed mathematically as
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For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
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Voltammograms: Overview01:16

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Voltammograms are current plots as a function of applied potential, offering insights into electrochemical systems. The shape of a voltammogram depends on how the current is measured and whether convection (heat transfer by fluid movement) is present or absent.
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Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique in which the current flowing through an electrochemical cell is measured as a function of applied potential, typically under conditions of concentration polarization. The technique provides valuable information about redox-active species, and the current response is plotted as a voltammogram.
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A three-phase generator produces three voltages that are equal in magnitude but have a phase difference of 120 degrees. This identical magnitude and equal phase separated voltages are known as the balanced voltages and help to minimize power loss while ensuring a steady delivery of energy to connected loads. As voltage sources in a three-phase system can be configured in a wye or a delta formation, the loads connected to these systems can also be arranged in either configuration. This...
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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping
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A matter of quantum voltages.

Bernhard Sellner1, Shawn M Kathmann1

  • 1Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a reliable protocol for calculating quantum voltages, specifically the Mean Inner Potential (V(o)), using supercomputers. This method shows excellent agreement with experimental data for water and salt crystals, advancing materials science and chemistry.

Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics.
  • Materials science and chemistry.
  • Computational modeling and simulation.

Background:

  • Voltages within matter are crucial for understanding crystallization, materials science, biology, catalysis, and aqueous chemistry.
  • Experimental measurement of these voltages is possible, but modern supercomputers offer higher spatial resolution and accuracy.
  • The Mean Inner Potential (V(o)), the spatial average of quantum voltages relative to vacuum, is a key parameter of interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a reliable protocol for evaluating the Mean Inner Potential (V(o)) from quantum calculations.
  • To demonstrate the sensitivity of voltages to electron distribution and their utility in understanding condensed phase interactions.
  • To predict V(o) and its fluctuations in aqueous NaCl electrolytes at resolutions below atomic size.

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Main Methods:

  • Utilizing modern supercomputers for accurate quantum voltage calculations with high spatial resolution.
  • Developing and applying a specific protocol for evaluating the Mean Inner Potential (V(o)).
  • Employing model systems and approximations to highlight specific aspects of voltage behavior.

Main Results:

  • Achieved excellent agreement between calculated and measured V(o) for vitrified water and salt crystals.
  • Demonstrated the influence of covalent, ionic, and intermolecular/atomic interactions on V(o).
  • Predicted V(o) and voltage fluctuations in aqueous NaCl electrolytes, characterizing their behavior at sub-atomic resolutions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol reliably evaluates V(o) from quantum calculations, validating against experimental data.
  • Quantum voltage calculations provide valuable insights into bonding and interactions in condensed matter.
  • The study advances the understanding of electrostatic potentials in aqueous systems, particularly electrolytes, at unprecedented resolutions.