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An introduction to protein moonlighting.

Constance J Jeffery1

  • 1*Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC567, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A.

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|November 18, 2014
PubMed
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Moonlighting proteins are single molecules performing multiple jobs, crucial for coordinating cellular activities. Discovering more of these multifunctional proteins aids in understanding biological pathways and protein evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Moonlighting proteins are single polypeptide chains that perform multiple distinct biochemical or biophysical functions.
  • Approximately 300 such proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and transcription factors, have been identified across the evolutionary tree.
  • These proteins operate in diverse biochemical pathways, with functions sometimes dependent on environmental cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of moonlighting proteins in biological systems.
  • To emphasize the potential for discovering additional moonlighting proteins.
  • To underscore the utility of studying moonlighting proteins for various biological research areas.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on moonlighting proteins.
  • Analysis of known examples of moonlighting proteins and their diverse functions.
  • Exploration of the implications of moonlighting for biological processes.

Main Results:

  • Moonlighting proteins exhibit diverse structures and functions, acting as enzymes, receptors, scaffolds, and more.
  • Their functions can be simultaneous or environmentally regulated.
  • The existence of numerous moonlighting proteins suggests a widespread biological strategy.

Conclusions:

  • Moonlighting proteins play vital roles in coordinating cellular activities and integrating biochemical pathways.
  • Further research into moonlighting proteins is essential for advancing genome annotation, proteomics, systems biology, and protein design.
  • The discovery of more moonlighting proteins is anticipated, offering deeper insights into biological complexity.