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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Binge Eating Disorders01:23

Binge Eating Disorders

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Binge eating disorder is a significant mental health condition characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption within a short period, accompanied by a perceived loss of control over eating behavior. Unlike occasional overeating, binge eating disorder is marked by distressing emotions such as guilt, shame, and anxiety following binge episodes. The disorder affects individuals across different ages and backgrounds, with profound implications for physical and psychological...
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Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
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Food environment and obesity.

Richard Mattes1, Gary D Foster

  • 1Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
|November 18, 2014
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The food environment significantly impacts eating habits and obesity. This review synthesizes research on energy density, cost, palatability, portion size, and food access, identifying key knowledge gaps in obesity research.

Keywords:
American Society for NutritionThe Obesity Societyfood environmentobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Obesity Research
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • The food environment profoundly influences food choices, eating patterns, and energy intake, contributing significantly to obesity.
  • Jointly sponsored by The Obesity Society and the American Society for Nutrition, this series reviews current understanding of the food environment's role in obesity.
  • The reviews cover critical factors including energy density, economic influences, beverage choices, palatability, portion size, eating frequency, and access to healthy foods.

Discussion:

  • Energy density (ED) plays a role in regulating energy intake and body weight, with research recommendations for future studies.
  • Economic factors like price changes suggest that food taxes and subsidies alone have limited impact on obesity.
  • The association between sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain is complex, and palatability and variety significantly influence eating behavior and weight.

Key Insights:

  • Increasing portion sizes leads to proportionally higher energy intake.
  • Manipulating eating frequency has consistently shown null results for body weight management.
  • Existing literature has limitations concerning neighborhood access to healthy foods.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to address identified knowledge gaps in the food environment's contribution to obesity.
  • Understanding the interplay of physiological, genetic, and environmental factors is crucial for metabolic health.
  • This series provides a foundation for future investigations into obesity etiology and effective interventions.