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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Using 22C3 Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Concentrate on Biopsy and Cytology Samples from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Published on: September 25, 2018
Sukhmani K Padda1, Jonathan W Riess, Erich J Schwartz
1*Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; †Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA; ‡Department of Pathology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; and §Department of Health and Research Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
Programmed death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), correlating with aggressive histology and worse survival. This finding supports clinical trials of PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapies for TETs.
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