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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are crucial for advanced optical systems.
    • Multilayer diffractive optical elements (MLDOEs) offer enhanced performance but are sensitive to assembly precision.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a mathematical model for analyzing the impact of assembly errors on MLDOE diffraction efficiency.
    • To quantify the relationship between tilt/decenter errors and diffraction efficiency in MLDOEs.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the expression function of diffraction efficiency and the phase delay function of DOEs.
    • Developed a mathematical model to describe diffraction efficiency considering tilt and decenter errors.
    • Analyzed the influence of assembly errors on MLDOE performance.

    Main Results:

    • Established a mathematical model linking diffraction efficiency to MLDOE assembly errors.
    • Quantified the range of effects that tilt and decenter errors have on diffraction efficiency.
    • Demonstrated the sensitivity of MLDOE diffraction efficiency to assembly imperfections.

    Conclusions:

    • Assembly errors significantly impact the diffraction efficiency of MLDOEs.
    • The proposed model is valuable for the design and fabrication of hybrid diffractive refractive optical systems.
    • Accurate control of assembly errors is critical for achieving desired performance in MLDOE-based systems.