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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
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Stroke: Introduction and Types01:29

Stroke: Introduction and Types

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A stroke is an acute neurological event caused by the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to rapid loss of neuronal function. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief interruptions can cause irreversible injury within minutes. Strokes are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic types.Ischemic StrokeIschemic strokes are most common and occur due to arterial occlusion, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. This leads to energy failure, ionic...
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The Arch of Aorta01:10

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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Assessing Ischemic Stroke Damage Through Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
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Recognition of posterior circulation stroke.

V Puustjärvi1, D Strbian, M Tiainen

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
|November 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Identifying posterior circulation (PC) stroke is crucial. PC ischemic stroke patients may have longer thrombolysis times, while PC hemorrhagic stroke patients may need neurosurgical care, impacting treatment decisions.

Keywords:
acute strokeanterior circulationcerebrovascular disease intracerebral hemorrhageposterior circulationvertebro-basilar

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Stroke Medicine
  • Vascular Neurology

Background:

  • Acute posterior circulation (PC) stroke requires improved identification and triage.
  • PC ischemic stroke (IS) patients may benefit from extended thrombolysis windows.
  • PC hemorrhagic stroke (ICH) patients might necessitate specialized neurosurgical care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the characteristics and outcomes of acute PC stroke patients.
  • To differentiate between PC ischemic stroke (IS) and PC hemorrhagic stroke (ICH) presentations.
  • To identify clinical red flags for PC stroke subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of consecutive stroke patients.
  • Inclusion of patients receiving thrombolysis and/or comprehensive stroke unit care.
  • Comparison of demographic, clinical, and treatment data between anterior circulation (AC) and PC strokes, and between PC-IS and PC-ICH.

Main Results:

  • PC strokes accounted for 25% of all strokes (n=553).
  • PC-IS patients were younger, more often on warfarin, and presented with seizure, vomiting, or headache.
  • PC-ICH patients frequently presented with headache and vomiting, had elevated blood pressure, and warfarin use was common.

Conclusions:

  • PC-ICH patients, despite typical cardiovascular risk factors, less frequently had a history of atrial fibrillation or dyslipidemia compared to IS patients.
  • Vomiting, hypertensive blood pressure, and headache in PC-ICH patients are potential red flags for hemorrhage, especially with warfarin use.