How the environment shapes cancer genomes

Area of Science:

• Genomics
• Cancer Research
• Environmental Health

Background:

• Mutational patterns in cancer genomes offer insights into causative mechanisms and environmental exposures.
• Linking epidemiological evidence with experimental systems strengthens cancer causation theories.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review evidence from cancer genome sequencing studies.
• To exemplify how environmental factors influence tumor genomes.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of mutation data from large-scale cancer genome sequencing studies.
• Identification of specific mutational signatures linked to environmental exposures.

Main Results:

• Ultraviolet B radiation linked to melanoma; tobacco carcinogens to lung cancer; aristolochic acid to urothelial carcinomas.
• Unique mutational spectra identified in esophageal adenocarcinoma (A-to-C at 5'AA) and liver cancer.
• Mutation datasets provide a foundation for identifying novel carcinogens.

Conclusions:

• Environmental exposures significantly modulate tumor genomes.
• Findings have major implications for understanding cancer causation.
• This research advances cancer prevention strategies.