Postjunctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in human skin arteries. An in vitro study

Experiments were performed to characterize the postjunctional alpha adrenoceptors that mediate adrenergic constriction in human skin arteries. Abdominal s.c. arteries were obtained from patients who died 3 to 12 hr before, and vascular segments 2 mm in length and 600 to 1050 microns in external diameter were prepared for isometric tension recording. On application of norepinephrine, phenylephrine (alpha-1 adrenergic agonist) or clonidine (alpha-2 adrenergic agonist) the arteries contracted in a dose-dependent manner and, in terms of the mean EC50 values, the order of potencies was clonidine greater than norepinephrine greater than phenylephrine. With regard to their ability to induce maximal contraction, the order was norepinephrine = phenylephrine greater than clonidine. In the presence of phentolamine (nonspecific alpha adrenergic antagonist) or yohimbine (selective alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist) the control curve for norepinephrine was displaced to the right in a parallel way. Prazosin (selective alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist) depressed both the slope and maximal response of the control curve for norepinephrine but the shift was not significant. Prazosin and yohimbine produced a parallel rightward shift in the control curve for phenylephrine and clonidine, respectively. These results suggest that skin arteries of humans have a mixed population of postjunctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors and that alpha-2 adrenoceptors are more prominent. They also suggest that the alpha-2 adrenergic component of the response to norepinephrine is a low-maximum effect compared to the alpha-1 adrenergic component. This could be of significance in regulating skin blood flow and thermoregulatory function.