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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
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Structural insights into magnetic clusters grown inside virus capsids.

M Jaafar1, A A A Aljabali, I Berlanga

  • 1Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada y Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored magnetic nanoparticle formation within virus capsids. Cobalt-filled virus particles revealed discontinuous metallic structures, not solid clusters, occupying only 10% of the cavity volume.

Keywords:
magnetic force microscopymagnetic nanoparticlesnanoreactorsprotein cagesvirus capsid

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Virus capsids offer unique nanoreactor potential for creating magnetic nanoclusters.
  • Developing controlled synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles is crucial for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetization and internal structure of cobalt-filled cowpea mosaic virus (CMV) particles.
  • To evaluate virus capsids as templates for magnetic nanoparticle synthesis.
  • To compare the magnetic properties of virus-templated nanoparticles with commercial ones.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study individual cobalt-filled CMV empty virus-like particles.
  • Analysis of dehydration effects on virus particle structure.
  • Comparative study of magnetic signals from virus-templated and commercial magnetic nanoparticles.

Main Results:

  • Cobalt within the virus cavity forms a discontinuous structure, not a solid cluster.
  • The metallic cobalt structure occupies approximately 10% of the virus cavity volume.
  • Dehydration effects provide insights into the internal cluster's structural integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Virus capsids can template magnetic nanostructures, but the filling is not complete.
  • The internal cobalt structure is discontinuous, impacting potential applications.
  • Cowpea mosaic virus capsids are suitable for studying nanoparticle formation at the nanoscale.